Mandelbrot Set of Quadratic Rational Functions

in the Fractal Gallery of William Gilbert

Pure Mathematics Department, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Mathematical Description

The general quadratic rational function can be written in the form
F ( z ) = ( 1 / a ) ( z + b + ( 1 / z ) )
with two complex parameters a and b.

The Mandelbrot set consists of the parameters ( a, b ), in 4-dimensional space, for which the filled-in Julia set is connected. We illustrate various 2-dimensional sections of this 4-dimensional set where

b = r a + s       with r and s constants.

The function F( z ) has critical points at 1 and -1, and one of its three fixed points at infinity. Infinity is an attractive fixed point if and only if |a| < 1.

Pictures

The pictures show various plane sections of the Mandelbrot Set of Quadratic Rational Functions.
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The standard Mandelbrot set
This is the section where
b = - a + 2

This is the view shown on Plate 189 of Mandelbrot's book, since the function
F ( z ) = ( 1 / a ) ( z + b + ( 1 / z ))
is conjugate to the function
b z ( 1 - z ) when a + b = 2.


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Snowshoe
This is the section where
b = - a - 2

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Spyglass
This is the a-plane section where
b = ( - 1 + 0.4 i ) a + 2

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Wink
This is the a-plane section where
b = - a + 1.7 + 0.3 i

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Tie and Cane
This is the b-plane section where
a = - b + 50 + 200 i

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Napoleon
This is the a-plane section where
b = - a + 3

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Sperm
This is the a-plane section where
b = ( 0.3 - 0.4 i ) a + 1.2 + 0.3 i

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Ring
This is the b-plane section where
a = ( 0.3 - 0.4 i ) b + 1.2 + 0.3 i

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Blood Clot
This is the a-plane section where
b = 0

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Alien
This is the (1/a)-plane section where
b = 0
This is the same set as the previous image, but with a different form of the parameter.

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Scallops
This is the (1/a)-plane section where
b = 2

Program

References


© 1997 by William Gilbert          Back to the entrance of the Fractal Gallery of William Gilbert.