STAT 220

Statistics 220 has existed as a Faculty of Mathematics course at the University of Waterloo over many decades.   Its more pronounced mathematical emphasis in the 1970s and early 1980s slowly changed to more applied content so that, by the later 1980s, the required text was Statistics by D. Freedman, R. Pisani and R. Purves.  This was changed in 1990 to Introduction to the Practice of Statistics by D.S. Moore and G.P. McCabe, which was retained as the recommended text through three (or more) editions to 2005.   The 1994 course curriculum represented in these Materials was recognizable by the later 1980s and it remained essentially unchanged over the period 1990 to 2005   These Materials were gradually developed over several decades and involved innumerable changes and refinements resultng from much discussion and the pedagogic ideas of many people.

From 1990 to 2005, Statistics 220 was taught in 36 fifty-minute lectures (3 per week for a 12-week term) and a weekly fifty-minute tutorial for students to seek individual help from the instructor or TA with assignments or other course-related matters.   During the term, as part of the lectures, 17 programs (25 minutes each) were shown from the 26-part video series Against All Odds: Inside Statistics.   The mathematical prerequisite for the course was Math 127, a one-term course of differential and integral calculus.

For many years, Stat 220 was offered on campus once per academic year in the Fall term.

Like most texts, these Course Materials go beyond what students can reasonably be expected to assimilate in a one-term course of around 30 hours of classes.   One of the instructor's tasks is to distinguish the core (examinable) material from ideas students can pursue for enrichment.   Students can assess their understanding of this distinction from their ability to do the assignment questions.

Mark summaries, as given below at the end of Part 0, were posted throughout the term for students who wished to assess their performance in STAT 220 against that of other class members.   After the final exam, a complete record of term marks, by ID number but no names, was posted so students could check that marks on their transcript were correct;   no mistakes in STAT 220 marks, term or final, were ever identified -- click here (marks.pdf   marks.ps) for an example of such a posting [2 sides].     Also, at the start of a term, students who wished to work with other class member(s) when studying the course material provided contact information which was tabulated by the instructor and made available to class members as a list -- click here (contact.pdf   contact.ps) for an example of two such lists [2 sides].   [These examples have been edited for privacy for this web context.]

Part 0.   STAT 220 ADMINISTRATIVE MATERIALS [172 sides + 7 blanks]

Main Title Page and Course Overview, Fall Term, 2005 [2 sides]	ti0.pdf	ti0.ps
Course Outline, Fall Term, 2005 [2 sides]	outl.pdf	outl.ps
Information for Students from the Instructor [4 sides]	stu.pdf	stu.ps
STAT 220 Video Schedule: Fall Term, 2003 [1 side]	vidpm.pdf	vidpm.ps
Assignment 1 [2 sides]	ass01.pdf	ass01.ps
Assignment 2 [2+ sides]	ass02.pdf	ass02.ps	Assignment 2 Solution [5 sides]	sol02.pdf	sol02.ps
Assignment 3 [2 sides]	ass03.pdf	ass03.ps
Assignment 4 [2 sides]	ass04.pdf	ass04.ps
Assignment 5 [2 sides]	ass05.pdf	ass05.ps
Assignment 6 [2+ sides]	ass06.pdf	ass06.ps
Assignment cover sheet and presentation guidelines [2 sides]	ass.pdf	ass.ps

Quiz questions and their solutions [1 side each]	Q1cover	Q1p1.pdf	Q1p1.ps	Q2cover	Q2p1.pdf	Q2p1.ps
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Mark summaries for students taking STAT 220	Fall, 1988: final, exam, assignments [2 sides]	F88.pdf	F88.ps
	Fall, 1989: final, exam, assignments [2 sides]	F89.pdf	F89.ps
	Fall, 1990: final, exam, assignments [2 sides]	F90.pdf	F90.ps
	Fall, 1991: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [3 sides + blank]	F91.pdf	F91.ps
	Fall, 1992: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [3 sides + blank]	F92.pdf	F92.ps
	Fall, 1993: final, analysis, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [4 sides]	F93.pdf	F93.ps
	Fall, 1994: final, analysis, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [4 sides]	F94.pdf	F94.ps
	Fall, 1995: final, analysis, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [4 sides]	F95.pdf	F95.ps
	Fall, 1996: final, analysis, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [4 sides]	F96.pdf	F96.ps
	Fall, 1997: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [3 sides + blank]	F97.pdf	F97.ps
	Fall, 1998: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [3 sides + blank]	F98.pdf	F98.ps
	Fall, 1999: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [3 sides + blank]	F99.pdf	F99.ps
	Fall, 2000: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [3 sides + blank]	F00.pdf	F00.ps
	Fall, 2001: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, quiz 3, assignments [4 sides]	F01.pdf	F01.ps
	Fall, 2002: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, quiz 3, assignments [4 sides]	F02.pdf	F02.ps
	Fall, 2003: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [3 sides + blank]	F03.pdf	F03.ps
	Fall, 2004: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [3 sides + blank]	F04.pdf	F04.ps
	Fall, 2005: final, exam, quiz 1, quiz 2, assignments [3 sides + blank]	F05.pdf	F05.ps

Part 1.   THE SUBJECT OF STATISTICS [18 sides]

Title page [2 sides]	ti1.pdf	ti1.ps
Figure 1.1.   DATA-BASED INVESTIGATING:   Introductory Overview [2 sides]	fi1.1.pdf	fi1.1.ps
Figures 1.2 and 1.3.   STATISTICS:   A Guide to the Unknown, etc. [2 sides]	fi1.23.pdf
Figure 1.4.   STATISTICS:   Why Study It? Some Background Information [2 sides]	fi1.4.pdf	fi1.4.ps
Figure 1.5.   DATA-DASED ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:   A Case of Disagreement [2 sides]	fi1.5.pdf	fi1.5.ps
Figure 1.6.   DATA-DASED ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:   A Case of Continuing Dispute [2 sides]	fi1.6.pdf
Figure 1.7.   DATA-DASED ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:   A Case of Poor Investigation Design [2 sides]	fi1.7.pdf
Figure 1.8.   STATISTICS AND SOCIETY:   One Perspective [2 sides]	fi1.8.pdf
Figure 1.9.   INTRODUCTION:   What is Statistics? (video) [2 sides]	fi1.9.pdf	fi1.9.ps

Part 2.   DATA-BASED INVESTIGATING:   THE FDEAC CYCLE [116+4 sides + 2 blanks]

Title page [2 sides]	ti2.pdf	ti2.ps
Figure 2.1a.   DATA-BASED INVESTIGATING:   The FDEAC Cycle [22 sides]	fi2.1a.pdf	fi2.1a.ps	fi2.1ah.pdf	fi2.1ah.ps
Figure 2.1bc. DATA-BASED INVESTIGATING:   Cadmium and Lead Levels in Human Tissues [2 sides]	fi2.1bc.pdf	fi2.1bc.ps
Figure 2.2.     DATA-BASED INVESTIGATING:   Error Categories and Management strategies [6 sides]	fi2.2.pdf	fi2.2.ps
Figure 2.3a.   STUDY ERROR:   An Example from a Sample Survey [1 side + blank]	fi2.3a.pdf	fi2.3a.ps
Figure 2.3b.   STUDY ERROR:   Miracle cure that kills claims fifth victim [2 sides]	fi2.3b.pdf	fi2.3b.ps
Figure 2.4.     NON-RESPONSE ERROR:   Residents in Toronto crankiest, poll finds ... [2 sides]	fi2.4.pdf	fi2.4.ps
Figure 2.5a.   SAMPLE ERROR:   Schneider's won't get rebate over blood spliied into sewer ... [2 sides]	fi2.5a.pdf	fi2.5a.ps
Figure 2.5b.   SAMPLE ERROR:   Investigating Coin Weights [2 sides]	fi2.5b.pdf	fi2.5b.ps
Figure 2.5c.   SAMPLE ERROR:   Coin Weight Data [2 sides]	fi2.5c.pdf	fi2.5c.ps
Figure 2.5d.   SAMPLE ERROR:   Maple Leaf coin healthy, not underweight: Mint [1 side + blank]	fi2.5d.pdf	fi2.5d.ps
Figure 2.6.     MEASUREMENT ERROR:   An Introduction to Measuring [2 sides]	fi2.6.pdf	fi2.6.ps
Figure 2.7a.   MEASUREMENT ERROR:   Investigating Paper Thickness [2 sides]	fi2.7a.pdf	fi2.7a.ps
Figure 2.7b.   MEASUREMENT ERROR:   Paper Thickness Data [2 sides]	fi2.7b.pdf	fi2.7b.ps
Figure 2.8.     MEASUREMENT ERROR:   Three Examples from Physics [2 sides]	fi2.8.pdf	fi2.8.ps
Figure 2.9.     MEASUREMENT ERROR:   Economic Statistics [2 sides]	fi2.9.pdf	fi2.9.ps
Figure 2.10.   MEASURING PROCESSES:   Dating the Shroud of Turin [2 sides]	fi2.10.pdf	fi2.10.ps
Figure 2.11.   MEASURING PROCESSES:   Assessing Geographical Knowledge [2 sides]	fi2.11.pdf	fi2.11.ps
Figure 2.12.   MEASURING PROCESSES:   Counting the Homeless [2 sides]	fi2.12.pdf	fi2.12.ps
Figure 2.13.   MEASURING PROCESSES:   Measuring Large Sales Volumes Approximtely [2 sides]	fi2.13.pdf	fi2.13.ps
Figure 2.14.   MEASURING PROCESSES:   Ambiguities in Measurements [2 sides]	fi2.14.pdf	fi2.14.ps	fi2.14i.pdf	fi2.14i.ps
Figure 2.15.   MEASURING PROCESSES:   An Overviw [8 sides]	fi2.15.pdf	fi2.15.ps	fi2.15h.pdf	fi2.15h.ps
Figure 2.16.   SAMPLE ERROR:   Why Does Introductory Statistics Emphasize 'Random' Selecting? [8 sides]	fi2.16.pdf	fi2.16.ps	fi2.16h.pdf	fi2.16h.ps
Figure 2.17.   GLOSSARY:   Distinctions and Notation [24 sides]	fi2.17.pdf	fi2.17.ps	fi2.17h.pdf	fi2.17h.ps
Figure 2.18.   ACCURACY OF IN FORMATION [12 sides]	fi2.18.pdf	fi2.18.ps

Part 3.   GRAPHICAL ATTRIBUTES:   PICTORIAL AND TABULAR METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION

Figure 3.6.   STEMPLOTS:   Ages of 460 U.S. Gun Deaths Occurring in May, 1989 [2 sides]	fi3.6.pdf	fi3.6.ps
Figure 3.12. HISTOGRAMS:   Civil Service Examination Scores [2 sides]	fi3.12.pdf	fi3.12.ps
Figure 3.18. OTHER GRAPHICAL METHODS:   Napoleon's Russian Campaign [2 sides (L,P)]	fi3.18.pdf	fi3.18.ps
	fi3.18.pdf1	fi3.18.ps1
	fi3.18.pdf2	fi3.18.ps2
Figure 3.19. OTHER GRAPHICAL METHODS:   Nicotine Exposure of a Smoker [2 sides (L,P)]	fi3.19.pdf	fi3.19.ps
	fi3.19.pdf1	fi3.19.ps1
	fi3.19.pdf2	fi3.19.ps2
Figure 3.21. TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA:   An Example [2 sides (L,P)]	fi3.21.pdf	fi3.21.ps
	fi3.21.pdf1	fi3.21.ps1
	fi3.21.pdf2	fi3.21.ps2

Part 4.   SIMPLE NUMERICAL ATTRIBUTES:   NUMERICAL DATA SUMMARIES AND THEIR USES

Figure 4.3a.   EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS:   Comparison of Female and Male Occupations [2 sides]	fi4.3a.pdf	fi4.3a.ps
Figure 4.3b.   EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS:   Sex, statistics and wages [2 sides]	fi4.3b.pdf	fi4.3b.ps

Part 5.   CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS:   AN INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY MODELLING [40 + 2 sides + 2 blanks]

Title page [2 sides]	ti5.pdf	ti5.ps
Figure 5.1h. Figure 5.1 content overview via section headings [1 side]	fi5.1h.pdf	fi5.1h.ps
Figure 5.1.   MODELLING THE SHAPE OF DATA DISTRIBUTIONS [4 sides]	fi5.1.pdf	fi5.1.ps
Figure 5.2.   PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Normal Distributions (video) [1 side + blank]	fi5.2.pdf	fi5.2.ps
Figure 5.3.   NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS:   Selected Areas Under the P.d.f. [2 sides]	fi5.3.pdf
Figure 5.4.   PROBABILITIES FOR THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION N(0, 1) [2 sides]	fi5.4.pdf	fi5.4.ps
Figure 5.5.   NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS:   Finding Normal Probabilities [2 sides]	fi5.5.pdf
Figure 5.6.   PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Normal Distribution Examples [2 sides]	fi5.6.pdf
Figure 5.7.   PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Normal Calculations (video) [1 side + blank]	fi5.7.pdf	fi5.7.ps
Figure 5.8.   PROBABILITY MODELLING:   An Application of the Normal Distribution [2 sides]	fi5.8.pdf	fi5.8.ps
Figure 5.9h. Figure 5.9 content overview via section headings [1 side]	fi5.9h.pdf	fi5.9h.ps
Figure 5.9.   CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES:   Selected Properties [6 sides]	fi5.9.pdf
Figure 5.10. PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Continuous Distribution Examples [2 sides]	fi5.10.pdf
Figure 5.11. PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Continuous Uniform Distributions [2 sides]	fi5.11.pdf
Figure 5.12. PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Exponential Distributions [2 sides]	fi5.12.pdf
Figure 5.13. PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Exponential Distribution Examples [2 sides]	fi5.13.pdf
Figure 5.14. PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Linear Combinations of Random Variables [2 sides]	fi5.14.pdf
Figure 5.15. PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Linear Combinations Examples [2 sides]	fi5.15.pdf
Figure 5.16. PROBABILITY MODELLING:   The Central Limit Theorem Approximation [2 sides]	fi5.16.pdf	fi5.16.ps
Figure 5.17. PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Racial Differences in IQ [2 sides]	fi5.17.pdf	fi5.17.ps

Part 6.   MODELLING THE BEHAVIOUR OF SAMPLE AVERAGES:   INTERVAL ESTIMATING [39 + 2 sides + blank]

Title page [2 sides]	ti6.pdf	ti6.ps
Figure 6.1h. Figure 6.1 content overview via section headings [1 side]	fi6.1h.pdf	fi6.1h.ps
Figure 6.1.   FROM PROBABILITY TO STATISTICS: Modelling Sample Error and Measurement Error [10 sides]	fi6.1.pdf	fi6.1.ps
Figure 6.2.   PROBABILITY MODELLING: The Sample Average and Control Charts (video) [2 sides]	fi6.2.pdf	fi6.2.ps
Figure 6.3h. Figure 6.3 content overview via section headings and subheadings [1 side]	fi6.3h.pdf	fi6.3h.ps
Figure 6.3.   QUANTIFYING UNCERTAINTY: Confidence Intervals [18 sides]	fi6.3.pdf	fi6.3.ps
Figure 6.4.   PERCENTILES FOR THE t DISTRIBUTION [tν] [2 sides (L,L)]	fi6.4.pdf	fi6.4.ps
Figure 6.5.   QUANTIFYING UNCERTAINTY:   Confidence Intervals (video) [1 side + blank]	fi6.5.pdf	fi6.5.ps
Figure 6.6.   PERCENTILES FOR THE K DISTRIBUTION [Kν] [2 sides (L,L)]	fi6.6.pdf	fi6.6.ps
	fi6.6.pdf1	fi6.6.ps1
	fi6.6.pdf2	fi6.6.ps2
Figure 6.7.   SAMPLING: Limitations Imposed by Sample Error -- Two Illustrations [2 sides]	fi6.7.pdf	fi6.7.ps

 

Part 7.   AN INTRODUCTION TO DISCRETE PROBABILITY

 

Figure 7.1.   DISCRETE PROBABILITIES:   Some Illustrations [4 sides]	fi7.1.pdf	fi7.1.ps
Figure 7.2.   NUMERICAL PROBABILITIES:   Some Examples [4 sides]	fi7.2.pdf	fi7.2.ps
Figure 7.3.   PROBABILITY MODELLING:   Two Examples [6 sides]	fi7.3.pdf	fi7.3.ps
Figure 7.13. CUMULATIVE BINOMIAL PROBABILITIES [4 sides]	fi7.13.pdf	fi7.13.ps
Figure 7.15. DISCRETE PROBABILITIES: Public Perceptions of Risk [4 sides]	fi7.15.pdf	fi7.15.ps

Part 8.   AN INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY SAMPLING [101 + 2 sides + 3 blanks]

Title page [2 sides]	ti8.pdf	ti8.ps
Figure 8.1.   SURVEY SAMPLING:   An Introduction [4 sides]	fi8.1.pdf	fi8.1.ps
Figure 8.2.   SURVEY SAMPLING:   Introductory Illustrations [4 sides]	fi8.2.pdf	fi8.2.ps
Figure 8.3.   PLANNED DATA COLLECTING:   Experiments and ... Surveys (video) [1 side + blank]	fi8.3.pdf	fi8.3.ps
Figure 8.4.   SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   Introductory Illustrations [2 sides]	fi8.4.pdf	fi8.4.ps
Figure 8.5.   SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   Non-Sample Errors in ... [5 sides + blank]	fi8.5.pdf	fi8.5.ps
Figure 8.6.   SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   Selecting from Imperfect Frames [3 sides + blank]
Figure 8.7a. SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   An Introduction to Non-Response [2 sides]	fi8.7a.pdf	fi8.7a.ps
Figure 8.7b. SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   The Literary Digest Poll [2 sides]	fi8.7b.pdf	fi8.7b.ps
Figure 8.8a. SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   Measuring with Questionnaires [4 sides]	fi8.8a.pdf	fi8.8a.ps
Figure 8.8b. SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   The Quebec Referendum Question [2 sides]	fi8.8b.pdf	fi8.8b.ps
Figure 8.8c. SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   Measuring Public Opinion [4 sides]	fi8.8c.pdf	fi8.8c.ps
Figure 8.8d. SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   Business Survey Questionnaires [2 sides]	fi8.8d.pdf	fi8.8d.ps
Figure 8.8e. SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   A Questionnaire Measuring Instrument [2 sides]	fi8.8e.pdf	fi8.8e.ps
Figure 8.8f.  SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   Proxy Response [2 sides]	fi8.8f.pdf	fi8.8f.ps
Figure 8.9.     SAMPLE SURVEY DESIGN/EXECUTION:   Canadian Census Data Gathering [2 sides]	fi8.9.pdf	fi8.9.pdf
Figure 8.10.   PLANNED DATA COLLECTING:   Sampling and Sampling Distri... (video) [2 sides]	fi8.10.pdf	fi8.10.ps
Figure 8.11.   UNSTRATIFIED POPULATIONS:   Estimating an Average or a Total [14 sides]	fi8.11.pdf	fi8.11.ps	fi8.11h.pdf	fi8.11h.ps
Figure 6.4.     PERCENTILES FOR THE t DISTRIBUTION [tν] [2 sides (L,L)]	fi6.4.pdf	fi6.4.ps
Figure 8.12.   EQUIPROBABLE SELECTING:   Diagrammatic Illustrations [10 sides]	fi8.12.pdf	fi8.12.ps
Figure 8.13a. SURVEY SAMPING:   Opinion Polling -- an Introduction [2 sides]	fi8.13a.pdf	fi8.13a.ps
Figure 8.13b. SURVEY SAMPING:   Opinion Polling -- an Introduction [2 sides]	fi8.13b.pdf	fi8.13b.ps
Figure 8.14.   SURVEY SAMPING:   One Assessment of Polling [4 sides]	fi8.14.pdf	fi8.14.ps
Figure 8.15a. SURVEY SAMPING:   Poll Answers as Misinformation [2 sides]	fi8.15a.pdf	fi8.15a.ps
Figure 8.15b. SURVEY SAMPING:   Poll Answers as Misinformation [2 sides]	fi8.15b.pdf	fi8.15b.ps
Figure 8.15c. SURVEY SAMPING:   Poll Answers as Misinformation [2 sides]	fi8.15c.pdf	fi8.15c.ps
Figure 8.16a. SURVEY SAMPING:   Polling and Television Ratings [2 sides]	fi8.16a.pdf	fi8.16a.ps
Figure 8.16b. SURVEY SAMPING:   TV's fuzzy picture [2 sides]	fi8.16b.pdf	fi8.16b.ps
Figure 8.17.   UNSTRATIFIED POPULATIONS:   Estimating a Proportion or a Frequency [8 sides]	fi8.17.pdf	fi8.17.ps	fi8.17h.pdf	fi8.17h.ps
Figure 5.4.     PROBABILITIES FOR THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION N(0, 1) [2 sides]	fi5.4.pdf	fi5.4.ps
Figure 8.18.   SURVEY SAMPING:   Case Study -- Coffee and Sex [2 sides]

Part 9.   RELATIONSHIPS IN STATISTICS:   ASSOCIATION AND CAUSATION [95 + 3 sides + 4 blanks]

Title page [2 sides]	ti9.pdf	ti9.ps
Figure 9.1.     BIVARIATE DATA:   Describing Relationships (video) [2 sides]	fi9.1.pdf	fi9.1.ps
Figure 9.2.     INVESTIGATING STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIPS [30 sides]	fi9.2.pdf	fi9.2.ps	fi9.2h.pdf	fi9.2h.ps
Figure 9.3.     CORRELATION:   Its Properties and Its Interpretation [16 sides]	fi9.3456.pdf	fi9.3456.ps	fi9.3h.pdf	fi9.3h.ps
Figure 9.4.     CORRELATION:   Scatter Diagrams (n=80) for Positive r-values [2 sides]	fi9.4.pdf	fi9.4.ps
Figure 9.4a.   CORRELATION:   Scatter Diagrams (n=80) for Six Selected r-values [1 side]	fi9.4a.pdf	fi9.4a.ps
Figure 9.5.     CORRELATION:   Scatter Diagrams (n=20) for Positive and Negative r-values [2 sides]	fi9.5.pdf	fi9.5.ps
Figure 9.6.     CORRELATION:   Scatter Diagrams (n=80) for Negative r-values [2 sides]	fi9.6.pdf	fi9.6.ps
Figure 9.7.     CORRELATION (video) [2 sides]	fi9.7.pdf	fi9.7.ps
Figure 9.8.     OBSERVATIONAL PLANS:   Simpson's Paradox [8 sides]	fi9.8.pdf	fi9.8.ps	fi9.8h.pdf	fi9.8h.ps
Figure 9.9.     `CONFOUNDING':   Useage in Statistics [4 sides]	fi9.9.pdf	fi9.9.ps
Figure 9.10.   OBSERVATIONAL PLANS:   The Question of Causation (video) [1 side + blank]	fi9.10.pdf	fi9.10.ps
Figure 9.11.   CAUSATION IN STATISTICS:   An Introduction [2 sides]	fi9.11.pdf	fi9.11.ps
Figure 9.12.   ASSOCIATION AND CAUSATION IN STATISTICS:   Reality and Illusion [4 sides]	fi9.12.pdf	fi9.12.ps
Figure 9.13.   DATA-BASED INVESTIGATING:   Question Aspect and Method of Sample Selecting [4 sides]
Figure 9.14.   OBSERVATIONAL PLANS:   Health Consequences of Cigarette Smoking [1 side + blank]	fi9.14.pdf	fi9.14.ps
Figure 9.15.   OBSERVATIONAL PLANS:   Physical Activity and Health [2 sides]	fi9.15.pdf	fi9.15.ps
Figure 9.16.   OBSERVATIONAL PLANS:   Survival Times of U.S. AIDS Cases [2 sides]	fi9.16.pdf	fi9.16.ps
Figure 9.17.   EXPERIMENTAL PLANS:     Experimental Design (video) [1 side + blank]	fi9.17.pdf	fi9.17.ps
Figure 9.18.   EXPERIMENTAL PLANS:     An Example from Heart Disease Research [2 sides]	fi9.18.pdf	fi9.18.ps
Figure 9.19.   EXPERIMENTAL PLANS:     An Example from Breast Cancer Research [2 sides]	fi9.19.pdf	fi9.19.ps
Figure 9.19.   (overleaf                                   Spine-chilling to look at: another stat)
Figure 9.20.   EXPERIMENTAL PLANS:     Cigarette Advertizing and Tobacco Consumption [1 side + blank]	fi9.20.pdf	fi9.20.ps
Figure 9.21.   EXPERIMENTAL PLANS:     Oat Bran and Serum Cholesterol Levels [2 sides]	fi9.21.pdf	fi9.21.ps